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Geotechnical News • March 2013
47
stainless steel tubes. These drop form-
ers need clean water to avoid clog-
ging and to maintain a uniform flow.
They produce a narrow range of drop
sizes (2.2-6.2mm) and require a well
balanced set-up to generate a spatially
uniform rainfall distribution. The fall
height for establishing a drop’s veloc-
ity at impact is varied from about 1m
to about 12.3m.
Conclusion
Soil confinement system is a method
used in soil erosion control. Based
on the result obtained from erosion
model test, the erosion rate for slopes
with confinement system was found
out to be less than the slopes without
confinement system. Obviously, the
soil confinement system could effec-
tively reduce the erosion rate of the
slopes. The soil confinement system
reduces the erosion rate by confined
the soil particles into partitions or
cells and reinforced the soil particles
inside the cells. The cells improve the
infill material strength by increasing
the infill’s shear strength and stiffness.
Each cell generates confinement forces
that utilize the passive resistance of
each adjacent cell. When a load is
applied to soil confinement system,
the resulting displacement force is
distributed over the neighbouring
cells while containing the infill. This
passive resistance of adjacent cells,
combined with the confinement forces
within cells provide a stable matrix to
soil. Thus, the soil confinement system
prevents the traditional progressive
failure of an unsupported soil mass
and stabilizes the structure on the
confined soil surface.
References
BS 1377: Part 2: 1990, British Stan-
dard Methods of test for Soils for
Civil Engineering Purposes, Part 2.
Classification tests.
Niroumand H., Nazir R., Kassim K.A.,
The Performance of Electrochemi-
cal Remediation Technologies in
Soil Mechanics,
Int. J. Electro-
chem. Sci.
, 7 (2012) 5708 – 5715
Niroumand, H., Millona, K. Mud
bricks and shred geogrids as
sustainable material,
Geotechnical
News,
2010, 28 (4), pp. 59-61
Niroumand, H. Performance of shred
tires and wood particles in earth
bricks, (2010)
2nd International
Conference on Sustainable Con-
struction Materials and Technolo-
gies,
pp. 1083-1091
Niroumand, H. Investigation and
comparison of the earthquakes of
Silakhor desert and Manjil,
(2008)
Proceedings of the 4th
International Structural Engineer-
ing and Construction Conference,
ISEC-4 - Innovations in Structural
Engineering and Construction 2
,
pp. 1011-1015
Pierre Y. Julien,
Erosion and Sedi-
mentation,
Cambridge University
Press, 1995, pp 15-21
Steven J. Goldman, Katharine Jackson
& Taras A. Bursztynsky, P.E.,
Erosion and Sediment Control
Handbook
, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1986, pp1.7-1.12, 5.1-
5.27.
Schiechlt H.M. and Stern R.,
Ground
Bioengineering Technique for
Slope Protection and Erosion
Control
, Blackwell Science Ltd.,
1996, pp5-6
Tew Kia Hui,
Production of Malaysia
Soil Erodibility Nomograph in
Relation to Soil erosion Issue
, VT
Soil erosion Research & Consul-
tancy, 1999, pp 31-41
Thiesen M.S.,
The Role of Geosyn-
thetics in Erosion and Sediment
Control: An Overview
, Elsevier
Science Publishers, 1991, pp 199-
214
Weggel J. R. & Rustom R.,
Soil Ero-
sion by Rainfall and Runoff- State
of the Art,
Elsevier Science Pub-
lishers, 1991, pp 215-224
Wu K. J. & Austin D. N.,
Three-
Dimensional Polyethylene
Geocells for Erosion Control and
Channel Lining
, Elsevier Science
Publishers, 1991, pp 275-276
Hamed Niroumand
Khairul Anuar Kassim
Ramli Nazir
Department of Geotechnical
Engineering, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Malaysia
Corresponding Author:
email: niroumandh@gmail.com.